Björn Lindahl

Björn Lindahl is an expert on fungal biology and ecology, in particular decomposition processes and mycorrhizal symbioses between soil fungi and plant roots. He has broad competence in microbial ecology, molecular ecology, forest ecology, and belowground biological and biochemical processes.

Björn Lindahl's research on fungal biology is broad, spanning from ecophysiology and genomics, via community ecology, to ecosystem ecology and biogeochemistry, with methods ranging from genome sequencing and metatranscriptomics to statistical and process-based modelling. He often uses large-scale data from thousands of sites across Swedish forest, while maintaining a hypothesis-driven focus. Main questions are how fungi respond to variation in soil fertility, and how they maintain ecosystem productivity in ecosystems with low nutrient availability by participating in mycorrhizal symbioses with trees and other plants. The roles of mycorrhizal fungi in the formation and decomposition of soil organic matter - particularly in the organic horizons of boreal forests, is a favourite topic. Much of Lindahl's research depends on large-scale DNA and mRNA sequencing to analyse fungal communities and their gene expression under natural conditions.

2025

• Lariviere, D., Djupström, L., Lindahl, B.D., Dahlberg, A. 2025. Tree retention levels and prescribed burning effects on ectomycorrhizal fungi communities in a boreal Scots pine forest. Forest Ecology and Management 598: 123186.
• Mielke, L., Klein, J., Ekblad, A., Finlay, R., Lindahl, B.D., Clemmensen, K. E. 2025. Fungal guild interactions slow decomposition of boreal forest pine litter and humus. New Phytologist 247: 2367-2380.
• Ghersheen, S., Manzoni, S., Spohn, M., Lindahl, B.D. 2025. Modelling mycelial responses to nitrogen limitation during litter decomposition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 209: 109899.
• Packard, E., Pérez-Izquierdo, L., Clemmensen, K.E., Dahlberg, A., Spohn, M., Stendahl, J., Lindahl, B.D. 2025. Ectomycorrhizal decomposers and their niche(s) in boreal forests. Functional Ecology 39: 1998–2014.
• Jörgensen, K., Clemmensen, K.E., Fransson, P., Manzoni, S., Wallander, H., Lindahl, B.D. 2025. A trait spectrum linking nitrogen acquisition and carbon use of ectomycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist 246: 2425-2434.
• Boeraeve, M., Granath, G., Lindahl, B.D., Clemmensen K.E., Strengbom, J. 2025. Fertilizer-induced soil carbon rapidly disappears after clearcutting in boreal production forests. Journal of Applied Ecology 62:1202–1215
• Svantesson, S., Tondeleir, L., Kulju, M., Iršėnaitė, R., Lindahl, B.D., Helo, T., Larsson, K.H., Ryberg, M. 2025. Five new species in Piloderma (Atheliales, Basidiomycota) and epitypification of P. byssinum. Fungal Biology: 101531.
• Boeraeve, M., Granath, G., Lindahl, B.D., Clemmensen K.E., Strengbom, J. 2025. How does forest fertilization influence tree productivity of boreal forests? An analysis of data from commercial forestry across Sweden. Journal of Environmental Management 373: 124023.

2024

• Chakrawal, A., Lindahl, B.D., Qafoku, O., Manzoni, S. 2024. Comparing plant litter molecular diversity assessed using proximate and 13C NMR. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 197: 109517.
• Clemmensen, K.E., Michelsen, A., Finlay, R. D., Lindahl, B.D. 2024. The balance between accumulation and loss of soil organic matter in subarctic forest is related to ratios of saprotrophic, ecto- and ericoid mycorrhizal fungal guilds. Fungal Ecology 71: 101359.
• Gundale, M.J., Axelsson, E.P., Buness, V., Callebaut, T., DeLuca, T.H., Hupperts, S., Ibáñez, T.S., Metcalfe, D.B., Nilsson, M.C., Peichl, M., Spitzer, C.M., Stangl, Z.R., Strengbom, J., Sundqvist, M., Wardle, D.A., Lindahl, B.D. 2024. The biological controls of soil carbon accumulation following wildfire and harvest in boreal forests: a review. Global Change Biology 30: e17276.
• Chakrawal, A., Lindahl, B.D., Manzoni, S. 2024. Modelling optimal ligninolytic activity during plant litter decomposition. New Phytologist 243: 866-880.
• Jörgensen, K., Clemmensen, K., Wallander, H., Lindahl, B.D. 2024. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more sensitive to high soil nitrogen levels in forests exposed to nitrogen deposition. New Phytologist 242: 1725-1738.

2023

• Pérez Izquierdo, L., Bengtsson, J., Clemmensen, K.E., Granath, G., Gundale, M.J., Ibáñez, T., Lindahl, B.D., Strengbom, J., Taylor, A., Viketoft, M., Wardle, D., Nilsson Hegethorn, M.C. 2023. Fire severity as a key determinant of aboveground and belowground biological community recovery in managed even-aged boreal forests. Ecology and Evolution 13: e10086.
• Castaño, C., Hallin, S., Egelkraut, D., Lindahl, B.D., Olofsson, J., Clemmensen, K.E. 2023. Contrasting plant-soil-microbial feedbacks stabilize vegetation types and uncouple topsoil C and N stocks across a subarctic-alpine landscape. New Phytologist 238: 2621–2633.
• Jörgensen, K., Clemmensen, K.E., Wallander, H., Lindahl, B.D. 2023. Do ectomycorrhizal exploration types reflect mycelial foraging strategies? New Phytologist 237: 576-584.

2022

• Parker, T., Chomel, M., Clemmensen, K., Friggens, N., Hartley, I., Johnson, D., Kater, I., Krab, E., Lindahl, B.D., Street, L.E., Subke, J.A., Wookey, P. 2022. Resistance of subarctic soil fungal and invertebrate communities to disruption of belowground carbon flux. Journal of Ecology 110: 2883-2897.
• Fanin, N., Clemmensen, K.E., Lindahl, B.D., Farrell, M., Nilsson, M.C., Gundale, M.J., Kardol, P., Wardle, D.A. 2022. Ericoid shrubs shape fungal communities and suppress organic matter decomposition in boreal forests. New Phytologist 236: 684-697.
• Mielke, L., Ekblad, A., Finlay, R., Fransson, P., Lindahl, B.D., Clemmensen, K. 2022. Ericaceous dwarf shrubs contribute a significant but drought-sensitive fraction of soil respiration in a boreal pine forest. Journal of Ecology 110: 1928–1941.
• Jörgensen, K., Granath, G., Strengbom, J., Lindahl, B.D. 2022. Links between boreal forest management, soil fungal communities and belowground carbon sequestration. Functional Ecology 36: 392–405.

2021

• Hasby, F., Barbi, F., Manzoni, S., Lindahl, B.D. 2021. Transcriptomic markers of fungal growth, respiration and carbon-use efficiency. FEMS Microbiology Letters 368: fnab100.
• Jörgensen, K., Granath, G., Lindahl, B.D., Strengbom, J. 2021. Forest management to increase carbon sequestration in boreal Pinus sylvestris forests. Plant and Soil 466: 165–178.
• Manzoni, S., Chakrawal, A., Spohn, M., Lindahl B.D. 2021. Modelling microbial adaptations to nutrient limitation during litter decomposition. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 4: 686945.
• Lindahl, B.D., Kyaschenko, J., Varenius, K., Clemmensen, K.E., Dahlberg, A., Karltun, E., Stendahl, J. 2021. A group of ectomycorrhizal fungi restricts organic matter accumulation in boreal forest. Ecology Letters 24: 1341-1351.
• Clemmensen, K.E., Durling, M.B., Michelsen, A., Hallin, S., Finlay, R., Lindahl, B.D. 2021. A tipping-point in carbon storage when forest expands into tundra is related to mycorrhizal recycling of nitrogen. Ecology Letters 24: 1193–1204.
• Pérez Izquierdo, L., Clemmensen, K.E, Strengbom, J., Granath, G., Wardle, D., Nilsson Hegethorn, M.C., Lindahl, B.D. 2021. Crown-fire severity is more important than ground-fire severity in determining soil fungal community development in the boreal forest. Journal of Ecology 109: 504–518.

2020

• Castaño, C., Berlin, A., Brandström Durling, M., Ihrmark, K., Lindahl, B.D., Stenlid, J., Clemmensen, K.E., Olson, Å. 2020. Optimized metabarcoding with Pacific Biosciences enables semi-quantitative analysis of fungal communities. New Phytologist 228: 1149–1158.
• Barbi, F., Kohler, A., Barry, K., Baskaran, P., Daum, C., Fauchery, L., Ihrmark, K., Kuo, A., LaButti, K., Lipsen, A., Morin, E., Grigoriev, I.V., Henrissat, B., Lindahl, B.D., Martin, F. 2020. Fungal ecological strategies reflected in gene transcription – a case study of two litter decomposers. Environmental Microbiology 22: 1089-1103.

2019

• Pérez-Izquierdo, L., Clemmensen, K.E., Strengbom, J., Nilsson-Hegethorn, M.C, Lindahl, B.D. 2019. Quantification of tree fine roots by real-time PCR. Plant and Soil 440: 593-600.
• Baskaran, P., Ekblad, A., Soucémarianadin, L., Hyvönen, R., Schleucher, J., Lindahl, B.D. 2019. Nitrogen dynamics of decomposing Scots pine needle litter depends on colonizing fungal species. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 95: fiz059.
• Sterkenburg, E., Clemmensen, K.E., Lindahl, B.D., Dahlberg, A. 2019. The significance of retention trees for maintenance of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in clear-cut Scots pine forests. Journal of Applied Ecology 56: 1367-1378.
• Kyaschenko, J., Ovaskainen, O., Ekblad, A., Hagenbo, A., Karltun, E., Clemmensen, K.E., Lindahl, B.D. 2019. Soil fertility in boreal forest relates to root-driven nitrogen retention and carbon sequestration in the mor layer. New Phytologist 221: 1492–1502.

2018

• Sterkenburg, E., Clemmensen, K.E., Ekblad, A., Finlay, R.D., Lindahl, B.D. 2018. Contrasting effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi on early and late stage decomposition in a boreal forest. ISME Journal 12: 2187-2197.
• Castaño, C., Lindahl, B.D., Alday, J.G., Hagenbo, A., Martínez de Aragón, J., Parladé, X.,Pera, J., Bonet, J.A. 2018. Soil microclimate changes affect soil fungal communities in a Mediterranean pine forest. New Phytologist 220: 1211–1221.
• Hagenbo, A., Kyaschenko, J., Clemmensen, K.E., Lindahl, B.D., Fransson, P.M.A. 2018. Fungal community shifts underpin declining mycelial production and turnover across a Pinus sylvestris chronosequence. Journal of Ecology 106: 490–501.

2017

• Stendahl, J., Berg, B., Lindahl, B.D. 2017. Manganese availability is negatively associated with carbon storage in northern coniferous forest humus layers. Scientific Reports 7:15487.
• Kyaschenko, J., Clemmensen, K.E., Karltun, E., Lindahl, B.D. 2017. Below‐ground organic matter accumulation along a boreal forest fertility gradient relates to guild interaction within fungal communities. Ecology Letters 20: 1546–1555.
• Varenius, K., Lindahl, B.D., Dahlberg, A. 2017. Retention of seed trees fails to lifeboat ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity in harvested Scots pine forests. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 93: fix105.
• Solly, E., Lindahl, B.D., Dawes, M., Peter, M., Souza, R., Rixen, C., Hagedorn, F. 2017. Experimental soil warming shifts the fungal community composition at the alpine treeline. New Phytologist 215: 766–778.
• Kyaschenko, J., Clemmensen, K.E., Hagenbo, A., Karltun, E., Lindahl, B.D. 2017. Shift in fungal communities and associated enzyme activities along an age gradient of managed Pinus sylvestris stands. ISME Journal 11: 863–874.
• Hagenbo, A., Clemmensen, K.E., Finlay, R.D., Kyaschenko, J., Lindahl, B.D., Fransson, P.M.A., Ekblad, A. 2017. Changes in turnover rather than production regulate biomass of ectomycorrhizal fungal mycelium across a Pinus sylvestris chronosequence. New Phytologist 214: 424–431.
• Baskaran, P., Hyvönen, R., Berglund, S.L., Clemmensen K.E., Ågren, G.I., Lindahl, B.D., Manzoni, S. 2017. Modelling the influence of ectomycorrhizal decomposition on plant nutrition and soil carbon sequestration in boreal forest ecosystems. New Phytologist 213: 1452–1465.

2016

• Varenius, K., Kårén, O., Lindahl, B.D., Dahlberg, A. 2016. Long-term effects of tree harvesting on ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in boreal Scots pine forests. Forest Ecology and Management 380: 41-49.
• Tedersoo, L., Lindahl, B.D. 2016. Fungal identification biases in microbiome projects. Environmental Microbiology Reports 8: 774–779.
• Bödeker, I.T.M., Lindahl, B.D., Olson, Å., Clemmensen, K.E. 2016. Mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal guilds compete for the same organic substrates but affect decomposition differently. Functional Ecology 30: 1967–1978.
• Karlsson, M., Stenlid, J., Lindahl, B.D. 2016. Functional differentiation of chitinases in the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Fungal Ecology 22: 52-60.

2015

• Sterkenburg, E., Bahr, A., Brandström-Durling, M., Clemmensen, K.E., Lindahl, B.D. 2015. Changes in fungal communities along a boreal forest soil fertility gradient. New Phytologist 207: 1145–1158.
• Hiscox, J., Savoury, M., Müller, C., Lindahl, B., Rogers, H., Boddy, L. 2015. Priority effects during fungal community establishment in beech wood. ISME Journal 9: 2246–2260.
• Clemmensen, K.E., Finlay, R.D., Dahlberg, A., Stenlid, J., Wardle, D.A., Lindahl, B.D. 2015. Carbon sequestration is related to mycorrhizal fungal community shifts during long term succession in boreal forests. New Phytologist 205: 1525-1536.
• Lindahl, B.D., Tunlid A. 2015. Ectomycorrhizal fungi - potential organic matter decomposers, yet not saprotrophs. New Phytologist 205: 1443-1447.

2014

• Bödeker, I.T.M., Clemmensen, K.E., de Boer, W., Martin, F., Olson, Å., Lindahl, B.D. 2014. Ectomycorrhizal Cortinarius species participate in enzymatic oxidation of humus in northern forest ecosystems. New Phytologist 203: 245–256.
• Boberg, J.B., Finlay, R.D., Stenlid, J., Ekblad, A., Lindahl, B.D. 2014. Nitrogen and carbon reallocation in fungal mycelia during decomposition of boreal forest litter. PLoS ONE 9: e92897.

2013

• Kõljalg, U., Nilsson, R.H., … , Lindahl, B.D., … , Larsson, K.-H. 2013. Towards a unified paradigm for sequence-based identification of Fungi. Molecular Ecology 22: 5271–5277.
• Lindahl, B.D., Nilsson, R.H., Tedersoo, L., Abarenkov, K., Carlsen, T., Kjøller, R., Kõljalg, U., Pennanen, T., Rosendahl, S., Stenlid, J., Kauserud, H. 2013. Fungal community analysis by high-throughput sequencing of amplified markers – a user’s guide. New Phytologist 199: 288–299.
• Clemmensen, K.E., Bahr, A., Ovaskainen, O., Dahlberg, A., Ekblad, A., Wallander, H., Stenlid, J., Finlay, R.D., Wardle, D.A., Lindahl, B.D. 2013. Roots and associated fungi drive long-term carbon sequestration in boreal forest. Science 339: 1615-1618.

2012

• Ihrmark, K., Bödeker, I.T.M., Cruz-Martinez, K., Friberg, H., Kubartova, A., Schenck, J., Strid Y, Stenlid, J., Brandström-Durling, M., Clemmensen, K.E., Lindahl, B.D. 2012. New primers to amplify the fungal ITS2 region – evaluation by 454-sequencing of artificial and natural communities. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 82: 666–677.

2011

• Rosling, A., Cox, F., Cruz-Martinez K., Ihrmark K., Grelet, G.A., Lindahl, B.D., Menkis, A., James T.Y. 2011. Archaeorhizomycetes: Unearthing an ancient class of ubiquitous soil fungi. Science 333: 876-879.
• Nilsson R.H., Tedersoo, L., Lindahl B.D. ... , Kauserud, H. 2011. Towards standardization of the description and publication of next-generation sequencing datasets of fungal communities.  New Phytologist 191: 314-318.
• Boberg, J.B., Näsholm, T., Finlay, R.D., Stenlid, J., Lindahl, B.D. 2011. Nitrogen availability affects saprotrophic basidiomycetes degrading pine needles in a long term laboratory study. Fungal Ecology, 4: 408-416.
• Boberg, J.B., Ihrmark, K., Lindahl, B.D. 2011. Decomposing capacity of some fungi commonly detected in Pinus sylvestris needle litter. Fungal Ecology, 4: 110-114.

2010

• Wallander, H., Johansson, U., Sterkenburg, E., Brandström M., Lindahl, B.D. 2010. Production of ectomycorrhizal mycelium peaks during canopy closure in Norway spruce forests. New Phytologist, 187: 1124–1134.
• Lindahl, B.D., de Boer, W. Finlay, R.D. 2010. Disruption of root carbon transport into forest humus stimulates fungal opportunists at the expense of mycorrhizal fungi. ISME Journal 4: 872-881.
• Boberg, J.B., Finlay, R.D., Stenlid, J., Lindahl, B.D. 2010. Fungal C-translocation restricts N-mineralization in heterogeneous substrates. Functional Ecology, 24: 454-459.

2009

• Bödeker, I.T.M., Nygren, C.M.R., Taylor, A.F.S., Olson, Å., Lindahl, B.D. 2009. ClassII peroxidase encoding genes are present in a wide phylogenetic range of ectomycorrhizal fungi. ISME Journal, 3: 1387-1395.

2008

• Boberg, J., Finlay, R., Stenlid, J., Näsholm, T., Lindahl, B.D. 2008. Glucose and ammonium additions affect needle decomposition and carbon allocation by the litter degrading fungus Mycena epipterygia. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40: 995-999.

2007

• Toljander, J.F., Lindahl, B.D., Paul, L.R., Elfstrand, M., Finlay, RD. 2007. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelial exudates on soil bacterial growth and community structure. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 61: 295-304.
• Lindahl, B.D. , Ihrmark, K., Boberg, J., Trumbore, S.E, Högberg, P., Stenlid, J., Finlay, R.D. 2007. Spatial separation of litter decomposition and mycorrhizal nitrogen uptake in a boreal forest. New Phytologist 173: 611-620.
• Heyman, F., Lindahl, B.D., Persson, L., Wikström, M., Stenlid, J. 2007. Calcium concentrations of soil affect suppressiveness against Aphanomyces root rot of pea. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 39: 2222-2229.

2006

• Wallander, H., Lindahl, B.D., Nilsson, L-O. 2006. Limited transfer of nitrogen between wood decomposing and ectomycorrhizal mycelia when studied in the field. Mycorrhiza 16: 213-217.
• Toljander, Y.K., Lindahl, B.D., Holmer, L., Högberg, N.O.S. 2006. Environmental fluctuations facilitate species co-existence and increase decomposition in communities of wood decay fungi. Oecologia 148: 625–631.
• Lindahl, B.D., Finlay, R.D. 2006. Activities of chitinolytic enzymes during primary and secondary colonisation of wood by wood degrading basidiomycetes. New Phytologist 169: 389-397.

2004

• Lindahl, B.D., Taylor, A.F.S. 2004. Occurrence of N-acetylhexosaminidase coding genes in ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes. New Phytologist 164: 193–199.
• Rosling, A., Lindahl, B.D., Finlay, R.D. 2004. Carbon allocation to ectomycorrhizal roots and mycelium colonising different mineral substrates, New Phytologist 162: 795–802.
• Rosling, A., Lindahl, B.D., Taylor, A.F.S., Finlay, R.D. 2004. Mycelial growth and substrate acidification of ectomycorrhizal fungi in response to different minerals. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 47, 31-37.
• Lindahl, B.D., Olsson, S. 2004. Fungal translocation - creating and responding to environmental heterogeneity. The Mycologist 18: 79-88.

2003

• Rosling, A., Landeweert, R., Lindahl, B.D., Larsson, K.-H., Kuyper, T.W., Taylor, A.F.S., Finlay, R.D. 2003. Vertical distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa in a podzol soil profile, New Phytologist 159, 775–783.

2002

• Lindahl, B.D., Taylor, A., Finlay, R. 2002. Defining nutritional constraints on carbon cycling – towards a less “phytocentric” perspective. Plant and Soil 242, 123 - 135.

2001

• Lindahl, B., Stenlid, J., Finlay, R. 2001. Effects of resource availability on mycelial interactions and 32P-transfer between a saprotrophic and an ectomycorrhizal fungus in soil microcosms. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 38, 43-52.
• Lindahl, B., Finlay, R., Olsson, S. 2001. Simultaneous, bidirectional translocation of 32P and 33P between two wood blocks connected by mycelial cords of Hypholoma fasciculare. New Phytologist 150, 189-194.

1999

• Lindahl, B., Stenlid, J., Olsson, S., Finlay, R. 1999. Translocation of 32P between interacting mycelia of a wood decomposing fungus and ectomycorrhizal fungi in microcosm systems. New Phytologist 144, 183-193.
• Nordén, B., Appelquist, T., Lindahl, B., Henningsson, M. 1999. Cubic rot fungi - corticioid fungi in highly brown rotted spruce stumps. Mycologia Helvetica 10, 13-24.

Book chapters

• Lindahl, B.D., Clemmensen, K.E. 2016. Fungal ecology in boreal forest ecosystems. In: Martin, F. (ed.) Molecular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, USA.
• Clemmensen, K.E., Ihmark, K., Brandström-Durling, M., Lindahl, B.D. 2016, 2023. Sample preparation for fungal community analysis by high-throughput sequencing of barcode amplicons. In: Martin, F., Uroz, S. (eds.) Microbial Environmental Genomics (1st & 2nd ed.). Springer, New York, NY, USA.
• Lindahl, B.D., Kuske, C.R. 2013. Metagenomics for study of fungal ecology. In: Martin, F. (ed.) Ecological Genomics of the Fungi. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ, USA.
• Lindahl, B.D., Boberg, J. 2007. Distribution and function of litter basidiomycetes in coniferous forests. In: Boddy, L., Frankland, J.F., van West, P. (eds.) Ecology of Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
• Finlay, R.D., Taylor, A.F.S., Lindahl, B.D. 2007. Responses of mycorrhizal fungi to stress. In: Avery, S., Stratford, M., van West, P. (eds.) Stress in Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
• Lindahl, B.D., Finlay, R.D., Cairney, J.W.G. 2005. Enzymatic activities of mycelia in mycorrhizal fungal communities. In: Dighton, J., Oudemans, P., White, J. (eds.) The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, USA.

Popular science and reports

• Lindahl, B., Gundale, M., Lithell, C. 2025. Markens kolinlagring efter brand och avverkning. FaktaSkog 2025/2. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
• Lindahl, B., Pérez-Izquierdo, L., Dahlberg, A., Hallin, S., Krab, E., Stendahl, J. 2023. DNA-baserad övervakning av biodiversitet i svensk skogsmark - Provtagning, provhantering och analysmetoder. Naturvårdsverket, Stockholm, Sweden.
• Djupström, L., Dahlberg, A., Lindahl, B. 2022. Nyttan av naturhänsyn för marksvampar - Resultat fem år efter avverkning. Skogforsk, Uppsala, Sweden.
• Nygren, C., Lindahl, B., Taylor, A. 2008. Mykorrhizasvamparnas näringsupptag - nyckeln till ökad förståelse för störningseffekter på svampsamhällen. FaktaSkog 2008/9, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
• Lindahl, B., Finlay, R. 2001. Svamparnas krig - konkurrens mellan svampar om näring i marken. FaktaSkog 2001/5. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
• Lindahl, B., Finlay, R. 1998. Mykorrhiza och näringsomsättning. Växtskyddsnotiser 62: 69-72.